Resources

Proteomics Databases



Metabolomics Databases

• • Protein Expression Level Determination

  Protein expression level determination is a crucial step in biomedical research, involving the identification and quantification of proteins within cells or tissues. Such information is essential for elucidating biological processes, understanding disease mechanisms, exploring mechanisms of drug action, and advancing biotechnological applications. A variety of techniques can be employed to assess protein expression levels, including but not limited to the following: Western Blot 1. Principle: This .........

• • Normal Ranges for Quantitative Determination of Immunoglobulins

  Quantitative determination of immunoglobulins is a standard method for assessing serum concentrations of immunoglobulin isotypes, including IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD. This assay is widely used to evaluate an individual’s immunological status. The normal ranges for quantitative determination of immunoglobulins may vary depending on age and health condition. The following ranges represent typical values observed in healthy adults; however, it is important to note that specific reference intervals may.......

• • Antibody Molecular Weight Determination: Methods, Advantages, and Applications II

  Antibodies represent one of the most essential classes of protein molecules in contemporary biomedical research and development, with wide-ranging applications in diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine engineering. Precise determination of antibody molecular weight not only facilitates the assessment of structural integrity and purity, but also plays a pivotal role in quality control and structural characterization. This article systematically reviews the prevailing techniques for antibody molecular .......

• • Protein Molecular Weight Determination: 10 Steps You Should Follow II

  Protein molecular weight (MW) is a critical parameter for understanding a protein’s structure, function, and its state of complex assembly. Whether the goal is to verify the correct expression of a recombinant protein or to determine the subunit composition of a protein complex, precise molecular weight determination is a fundamental step. This article outlines ten essential steps for accurate protein molecular weight determination, aiming to help researchers optimize their experimental design and improve..

• • N and C Terminal Amino Acid Sequence Analysis

  In complex biomacromolecules such as proteins, the N-terminus (amino terminus) and C-terminus (carboxyl terminus) are not merely structural "start and end points"; rather, they play crucial roles in molecular recognition, subcellular localization, regulatory processes, and degradation pathways. With the rapid advancement of the fields of proteomics and biopharmaceuticals, the analysis of N- and C-terminal amino acid sequences has become not only a critical entry point for understanding protein function.....

• • Applications and Challenges of Edman Sequencing in Proteomics

  Edman sequencing is a classical chemical method for determining the amino acid sequence at the N-terminus of proteins or peptides, providing direct evidence for primary structure analysis. While mass spectrometry (MS) has become the dominant approach in proteomics, Edman degradation remains essential for specific tasks such as structural validation, verification of translation initiation sites, and complementary analysis to MS. Owing to its high accuracy and independence from sequence databases, the .......

• • C-Terminal vs. N-Terminal Sequencing: A Comprehensive Analysis of Technical Challenges and Applications

  C-terminal and N-terminal sequencing are essential techniques in protein analysis for determining amino acid sequences at the respective termini of proteins. Owing to significant differences in their chemical properties, post-translational modifications, and stability, the two approaches exhibit distinct advantages, challenges, and application contexts. This paper compares the core methodologies underlying C-terminal and N-terminal sequencing, examines their primary technical obstacles, and explores their..

• • C-Terminal Protein Sequencing: Methods, Applications, and Significance

  C-terminal protein sequencing is a technique used to determine the amino acid sequence at the C-terminus (carboxyl terminus) of proteins. The C-terminus serves not only as a structural anchor that stabilizes the protein's three-dimensional conformation but also plays a pivotal role in post-translational modifications, subcellular localization, and functional regulation. However, in contrast to the N-terminus, the C-terminal region has historically been difficult to analyze due to several technical .........

• • C-Terminal Sequencing Technologies: Principles, Advantages, and Limitations

  C-terminal sequencing is a specialized technique designed to characterize the C-terminal sequences of proteins. In proteomics, elucidating amino acid sequences is essential for understanding protein function. However, in contrast to the well-established N-terminal sequencing approaches, technologies for analyzing C-terminal sequences have emerged more recently and present greater challenges, primarily due to limitations in enzymatic digestion strategies, chemical modification techniques, and sequencing.....

• • Protein N-Terminal Sequencing Analysis Using MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

  Protein N-terminal sequencing is a critical approach for elucidating protein function, post-translational modifications, and biosynthetic pathways. The Edman degradation method, while a classical technique for N-terminal sequencing, is limited in its applicability to complex samples. In recent years, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) has emerged as a valuable tool in N-terminal sequencing analysis due to its high sensitivity, rapid analysis .........