Resources
Proteomics Databases
Metabolomics Databases

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Learn a practical workflow for de novo sequencing using mass spectrometry data, from precursor review and MS/MS spectrum annotation to candidate sequence ranking, ambiguity handling, and orthogonal validation for unknown peptide identification.
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• De Novo Sequencing Method vs Database Search: Which Strategy Fits Novel or PTM-Rich Peptides?
Compare de novo sequencing method, database search, and hybrid LC-MS/MS workflows for novel peptides or PTM-rich samples.
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Technical guide for de novo protein sequencing mass spectrometry in unknown protein characterization, undocumented peptides, sequence variants, and impurity-related peptide projects.
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Learn when mass spec de novo sequencing is justified after LC-MS/MS database search failure and follow a stepwise workflow for unknown peptide identification, spectrum triage, PTM-aware interpretation, and validation planning.
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• How to Evaluate a De Novo Peptide Sequencing Service for Unknown Peptide Identification Projects
Technical guide for evaluating a de novo peptide sequencing service for unknown peptide identification projects.
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• Exosome Proteomics: Key Techniques and Applications
Exosomes are membrane-bound vesicles actively secreted by various cell types, with diameters ranging from 30 to 150 nm. They are enriched in proteins, nucleic acids (including miRNAs and lncRNAs), and lipids, and can be internalized by recipient cells to regulate a wide range of biological processes. Among the diverse molecular components of exosomes, proteins are not only highly abundant but also closely associated with their biological functions. Systematic identification of functional exosomal prot......
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• How to Analyze Histone 2-Hydroxyisobutyrylation by LC-MS/MS?
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histones constitute a central aspect of epigenetic research. Among these, 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation (Khib), a novel histone modification, has garnered considerable attention in recent years. Khib modulates chromatin structure and gene expression and plays a critical role in cellular metabolism, development, and disease mechanisms. Consequently, developing accurate and sensitive methods for its detection is essential for both fundamental research and clinical a......
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• LC-MS/MS-Based Identification of Histone Malonylation Sites
Histone malonylation, as a novel post-translational modification (PTM) of histones, has attracted extensive attention in epigenetic research in recent years. Unlike acetylation and methylation, malonylation regulates chromatin structure and gene expression, playing critical roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, and metabolic regulation. However, its low abundance and diverse modification forms present significant challenges for study. Owing to its high sensitivity and throughput, liquid chroma......
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• How to Identify Histone Malonylation Sites?
In the current era of rapid advances in epigenetics and proteomics, histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) have emerged as critical indicators for understanding gene expression regulation. Among these modifications, histone malonylation has garnered significant attention due to its close association with cellular metabolic states, representing an emerging area in the intersection of metabolism and epigenetics. Nevertheless, compared to classical modifications such as acetylation and methylati......
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• PhIP-Seq Sample Requirements and Submission Guidelines
Introduction For many antibody profiling projects, the largest cost risk is not sequencing itself—it is sample uncertainty before the experiment begins. A serum or plasma set may look ready for analysis, yet unclear cohort grouping, low sample volume, repeated freeze-thaw cycles, or missing clinical metadata can create delays. In discovery studies, these issues may also weaken interpretation because PhIP-Seq results depend on both sample quality and study design. Sample requirements matter because th......
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