Resources

Proteomics Databases



Metabolomics Databases

• • Protein PEGylation

  Protein PEGylation is a biotechnological approach designed to enhance the pharmacological properties of therapeutic agents. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a high-molecular-weight, water-soluble polymer that, when covalently attached to drug molecules—typically proteins or peptides—can substantially alter their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics. Basic Principles of PEGylation 1. Chemical Structure Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a linear or branched polymer composed of repeating ethylene........

• • Methods for Detecting Changes in Protein Glycosylation Levels

  Protein glycosylation is a critical post-translational modification that influences protein folding, stability, activity, and cell-cell interactions. Changes in protein glycosylation levels can be detected using a variety of methods, each with specific advantages and application contexts. The following are several widely used techniques: 1. Mass Spectrometry (MS) Mass spectrometry, particularly when coupled with liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS), is a powerful technique for identifying glycosylation sites...

• • Why Is Edman Sequencing Still Important? Exploring Its Irreplaceable Applications

  In an era where mass spectrometry dominates the field of proteomics, Edman sequencing may appear obsolete. However, this perception does not reflect reality. As a classical and highly accurate method for N-terminal protein sequencing, Edman sequencing continues to play an irreplaceable role in several critical contexts—particularly in protein structure validation, pharmaceutical quality control, and the study of non-model organisms. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the principles and ..........

• • What Are the N-Terminus and C-Terminus of an Antibody? Accurate Sequencing Resolves Structural Challenges

  Antibodies serve as core effectors of the immune system and have become increasingly central to disease diagnostics, drug development, and targeted therapeutics. With the rapid expansion of the antibody-based therapeutics market, there is a growing demand for comprehensive structural characterization. This article focuses on the N-terminus and C-terminus of antibody molecules and explores how accurate protein sequencing technologies address key challenges in antibody structure elucidation. What Are the.....

• • Low Protein Yield? Microscale Sequencing Solutions for Critical Samples

  With the rapid development of single-cell omics, tumor microenvironment studies, and novel protein therapeutics, researchers are increasingly confronted with a specific sequencing challenge: sample quantities are extremely limited—often at nanogram or even picomole levels—while background complexity and low signal-to-noise ratios severely hinder protein full-length sequencing. This limitation is particularly pronounced in contexts such as antibody sequencing, analysis of clinical biopsy fluids, or .........

• • Edman Degradation vs Protein Full-Length Sequencing: A Complete Analysis Strategy from N-Terminus to C-Terminus

  In the investigation of protein functionality, validation of recombinant proteins, and development of antibody-based therapeutics, the accurate determination of the primary structure—namely, the linear sequence of amino acids—represents a fundamental and indispensable step. To accomplish this, researchers commonly employ two primary methodologies: Edman Degradation: A well-established chemical technique that enables sequential identification of amino acids from the N-terminus; Protein full-length ..........

• • Irreplaceability of Full-Length Sequencing:Why Traditional Mass Spectrometry Cannot Achieve Complete Protein Coverage

  In modern proteomics research, mass spectrometry has undoubtedly become a critical tool for advancing the discovery and functional characterization of proteins. From large-scale protein identification to the analysis of post-translational modifications (PTMs), traditional database-dependent mass spectrometry strategies—such as data-dependent acquisition (DDA) and data-independent acquisition (DIA)—offer broad expression profiling capabilities. However, when the focus shifts to deciphering the complete .....

• • Struggling with Complex Isoforms? A Step-by-Step Guide to Protein Full-Length Sequencing Characterization

  In protein expression systems, even proteins derived from the same gene may result in multiple protein isoforms that are structurally similar yet functionally distinct. These differences can arise from alternative splicing, variation in translation initiation, post-translational modifications, or divergent degradation pathways. Such isoforms are commonly found in natural proteins and are especially relevant during the development of biopharmaceuticals—including antibody drugs, fusion proteins, and .........

• • Unlocking Cancer Biomarkers: The Role of Protein Full-Length Sequencing in Precision Oncology

  With the rapid advancement of precision medicine and personalized therapeutic strategies, the identification of cancer biomarkers has become a cornerstone of early detection, prognostic evaluation, and therapeutic decision-making in oncology. However, conventional proteomics approaches predominantly target localized protein fragments or peptide segments, which hampers the comprehensive characterization of protein structural variations—such as splice isoforms, post-translational modifications (PTMs), and....

• • Current State, Challenges, and Development Trends in Targeted Proteomics

  With ongoing advances in proteomic technologies, research priorities are shifting progressively from discovery-driven approaches to targeted strategies. Targeted proteomics, particularly techniques such as Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM/SRM) and Parallel Reaction Monitoring (PRM), has emerged as a pivotal tool for biomarker validation, drug target confirmation, and the evaluation of responses to biological therapies. This review provides a systematic overview of the current progress, major technical.....